Christmas in Cairo

After sending out that moony mass mail to you all I think I have to compensate by telling you how much I enjoyed December 24th & 5th.

First, I went to a Christmas eve service at a downtown United church. It was a traditional lessons and carols type of deal, with glowing candles at the end, and all in English! It was extremely satisfying to sing all the traditional hymns that I love so much, alongside many MCC friends. After socializing and snacking for a bit, I rushed home to my flat-mate Rada (also an intern from Canada), so we could go out for a special dinner together. Nothing is more Christmasy than sushi, right? So we went to a fancy hotel a few blocks from us and had a sumptuous (and ridiculously expensive) meal. It was easily the most expensive sushi of my life particularly after living in Vancouver for a year, but it was worth the $30 for two rolls and miso soup, just this once!

Then, we cabbed to the Basilica in our neighbourhood for a midnight mass. Where the earlier service was mainly attended by foreigners, this one was packed with Egpytians an hour before things began, so we had to stand at the side while listening to the beautiful choral prelude. I was pleasantly surprised to find this mass in French, so I was able to understand most of what was going on. After about an hour of standing, Rada and I decided we'd had enough, but we left with merry hearts, touched by sacred music.

Christmas day, Rada awoke to a stocking in front of her door with some small presents from me. I had to take off to work for a few hours, but in the afternoon, I ended up at a Christmas party at the MCC country directors' house along with twenty or so MCCers and families. We had a wonderful feast (including my favourite mashed potatoes), sang carols in four-part harmony, and then did a gift exchange. It was a lovely night.

Of course I also called home via skype about three times during the day, recounting my Christmas blessings and hearing about our family's celebrations around the fire. It was a wonderful connection despite our distance from each other... and I'm grateful that the technology conspired in our favour.

Really, my life is very richly blessed... I am surrounded by a wonderful community of friends here, am enjoying meaningful work and good health, and I feel the support of many friends and family from afar! El Hamd'allah!!

feasting in el Obour

The countdown was on... streets were packed with (literally) millions of last-minute shoppers and travelers. It was absolute mayhem! Suddenly, as quickly as the roads had filled, they became deserted. Cairo had been evacuated for the countryside... people had places to go, butchering to do, extended families to see.

It was the Muslim Feast of Sacrifice: commemorating Abraham's willingness to offer his only son in obedience with God's command. I like to call it the feast of meat; families often slaughter a sheep, goat, or cow in remembrance of Abraham's faithfulness - sharing about one third of the animal with the poor in their community - perhaps even a leg (with skin still attached) if they're lucky.

The Eid is a time of gift giving: girls run around in cute new shoes, (to my chagrin) boys play with new plastic guns, and everyone shares way too many sweets! In a way it's like the Muslim equivalent to Christmas, with a week off work and socializing with family and friends. Add in the timing this year (late December), plus the exodus of ex-pat friends to their winter wonderlands and you had one slightly homesick Canadian.

So, to remedy this, my friend Heba (right) invited me to join her for the festivities, see her family's village, and marry me off to one of her cousins.

First, we spent the night in her second home in el Obour, where we met her mother's family, and, naturally, stuffed ourselves with sweets. After sleeping through the special dawn prayer and slaughter of the family's calf (shucks) we had a special meal of rice and fried pita in a salsa and meat sauce. I ate a few morsels of meat after being pressured by Heba's mom but felt sick to my stomach (perhaps because we had walked by the butcher at work on the carcass an hour earlier, and well, I'm vegetarian). When it came time for seconds I had to refuse, but this sparked a lively discussion that shaped my relationship with Heba's mother for the remainder of our time together. Apparently my reasons for choosing vegetarianism (which I will likely share in a subsequent entry) were nothing to her as "meat is a gift from Allah". Alas, our different sources of authority and ideas about moral pluralism (or openness to pluralism) made for a little awkwardness, but I think we still ended on a positive note.

In the afternoon Heba and I set out for her village, stopping at her Cairo home on the way. Unfortunately our Cairo stop coincided with the slaughter of a large bull right at the entrance to her apartment complex. I waited in the car, in full view of the bull and the crowd of spectators watching the blood leach from its throat and congeal on the pavement. While Heba was busy inside I watched twenty minutes of futile thrashing and tail fluttering and determined that if I can't kill an animal myself I shouldn't eat it... (reason to stay vegetarian #11). But, as traumatizing as this was for me, I think it was important to see. We're so disconnected from the meat production process in North America, and it is interesting to observe the 'halal' way of doing things.

Right... back to the village... we reached Khateba around dusk, and were welcomed by Heba's entire extended family who had been anticipating us all day. There were children everywhere, shy at first, but bursting with enthusiasm soon afterwards - happy to swap Arabic for English and cuddle (girls) and dance to the music on uncle's cell phone. We were given a royal feast and then moved from house to house drinking tea and munching on sugar cane. It was wonderful! Well, except for the cousin who wanted to marry me despite the fact that we couldn't communicate and had very different world views. Ah well, would it be a trip to the village without a proposal?

It was neat to see and feel the contrast with Cairo - here the welcome was genuine and open, here people knew how to be in each other's company without material distractions, here there was a culture of sharing, and neighbours flowed between each others houses (particularly the children). Over all I felt it to be a haven of beautiful simplicity. Of course these impressions are fragmentary and coloured by the one family in the one village I saw... I cannot say that all villages or families would be like this, and even now I have no idea what day-to-day life is like for them there. All I can say is that this visit and the journey there - along small roads hugging one of the branches of the Nile - through the heart of Delta country somewhere between Cairo and Alexandria - were wonderful. In fact the hospitality of Heba's family and my interactions with them reminded me greatly of the happy time spent visiting my friends' extended family in rural Tibet earlier this year. Incredible generosity, love and humour!

The next day Heba and I were back in el Obour, preparing for a family meeting with a suitor of hers.

A short aside - I met Heba through the American University of Cairo's student listserv. She had requested help editing her Master's thesis in exchange for Arabic lessons. I jumped at the chance, and soon became enmeshed in feminist arguments for a new construction of the 'single woman' in Egypt (away from 'spinster' or 'aynas' - literally the callous she-camel in Arabic).

It turns out that Heba is herself struggling with the societal pressure to marry. As a 32 year old woman she is now subject to be called an 'aynas' with all its baggage (implying she's somehow desperate, or odd, or worthless). Additionally, her and her mother do not always see eye to eye about who would be a suitable partner for her, and this has led to some heartache and frustration on both sides. Heba wants to break tradition and marry for love, not economic security, but she has somewhat traditional relatives. When her suitor did come the other day, he did things the traditional way - bringing his sister and her family along (for moral support as well as custom), and the men had one conversation while the women had another (Heba and I jumping up to serve them pop and tea). After grilling the man on his views of how to treat a woman, and praying together, Heba's uncle took Heba's suitor aside for a man-to-man chat about finances and who would contribute what for the wedding pad. I don't remember Heba and her man speaking directly once, and after he left, her uncle did not disclose the details of his private conversation. Heba hates what she terms 'the traditional bullshit', but struggles to move past it with her suitor and family. We've had many interesting conversations about differences in marriage and singleness in Canada and Egypt. At times she seems to toy with the idea of staying single if she is unable to find a partner who she loves and loves her in return.

I'm grateful to have Heba's friendship... apart from being a wonderful companion, she is giving me tremendous insight into religion and culture here, and I think we both enjoy the exchange of ideas. Cheers Heba for a wonderful Eid, and good luck as you continue to navigate your romantic relationships! Looking forward to more conversations and visits...

RBM

Act 1: The Future of Development Management

Ottawa - 2020. The curtain lifts, showing a grade twelve 'World Politics and Development' class. A teacher is standing at a white board and students sit at tables, in a U around her. The teacher writes three letters - R B M - on the board and turns to the class:

Sara: (quietly, in awe) Ah, the famous acronym!

Teacher: Can anyone tell me what this stands for?

Four hands shoot up. The teacher points to a student.

Simon: (with confidence) Ren Min Bi - the People's Currency

Teacher: (apologetic, but humored) I'm sorry, Simon, I think you've got your letters crossed - that's RMB. (Laughter ripples through the room, but is quickly squelched by the teacher's no-nonsense look) Does anyone else want to try?

Three students wave their arms enthusiastically while the rest of the class shift their gaze back to their laptop screens, slouching cool-ly. She points to the boy on her immediate right.

Johnny: (rather smugly) Results Based Management... a key term in International Development.

Teacher: That's right Johnny. We'll be focusing on RBM for the next few days as we explore Bilateral and Multilateral approaches to Development. Before we jump into the course-pack, can anyone tell us where the term RBM came from?

The same three hands shoot up... (all of whose owners have parents working at CIDA Head Quarters)

Teacher: Yes Sara?

Sara: RBM is a form of strategic management and planning that grew out of the demand for greater government accountability in the 80s and 90s. It does what it says, it manages projects and programs for 'results'.

Teacher: Very good Sara... and what exactly are the 'results' these development organizations are trying to create and/or manage?

Simon: (slightly apprehensive, but desperate to redeem himself) Well, my mom always talks about the complexities of sorting out the 'outputs' from the 'outcomes' from the 'impact'. These are all what she call 'results'... but she's told me there are different levels of results, and that people she deals with in the field often get them confused. She gets frustrated because there's a logic to it all - the outputs roll up to outcomes, and outcomes to impacts... whatever that means.

Before RBM, mom told me that organizations didn't think big picture enough... they thought that activities alone would create the impact, but apparently it's not that simple. It's the impact that people and organizations are trying to work towards, it's why they're doing the project in the first place. But 'outputs', and 'outcomes'... they sound like tech jargon to me.

Teacher: Thank you Simon. With answers like this it looks like we won't be needing the course pack much. You've given us a great introduction to the terms, and pointed out one of the challenges of this management approach as well - sorting the 'levels of results' for people not accustomed to working with this type of 'logic'. Let's explore more of these ideas in a case study of a UNDP project that used RBM. We will see how these terms actually connect to development management on the ground.

...end Act 1


--

In mid-December I spent the better part of a week at a CIDA RBM Workshop, and as you can tell, this little acronym has been taking up a lot of my head-space since. Having studied RBM in university, and co-written a case study about the evaluative processes - including RBM - of a CIDA-funded project in Sri Lanka (now used in a 4th year IDS class at Trent, shortly to be published in a condensed version in the undercurrent journal), it was interesting to approach RBM from a different angle... RBM in practice.

As you can tell from the futuristic scene above, I think that RBM is more than a 'flavour of the month'... in fact it is being integrated more and more extensively in institutions like CIDA (on project, country-program, and institution levels). I see this continuing in the short-term at least. The global accountability trend means that even UN bodies are talking 'resultspeak', so it's important that those of us forging a career in the field know how to relate to donors and international orgs. As a student I was somewhat critical of the whole RBM approach, (and don't get me wrong, I still have many reservations) but, after this workshop I now see how RBM helps those 'planning for change' to look at the big picture, and then systematically break down all the resources and activities needed to get there.

Of course this assumes that change is needed, and can be controlled. I think it's important to back up and ask big questions like:
- Is change needed?
- Who determines what change is needed?
- How it should be approached... are suggested interventions culturally and economically relevant?
- How does the project or program contribute to human development or the empowerment of those involved (or targeted)?

If these things are explored upfront (instead of assumed), I do not think the idea of 'engineering social change' is an inherently negative one. In the context of PPIC-Work we are seeking to provide loans for technological advancements that will eliminate child labour in some sectors (brickyards and quarries), and drastically change the type of work children are doing - thereby increasing the learning opportunities available to them - in other sectors (automotive repair, carpentry, textiles). I think in this case, it’s an innovative approach to improving child wellbeing, and a relevant one as a result of rigorous consultation with and ownership of project stakeholders. (For example, business owners will not take on a loan if they do not feel it is benefiting their business as well as the children).

I will always struggle with the narrow causal logic of the RBM frame - I believe that as you move up the results chain you can attribute less and less of the developmental change to your activities or project alone - but, I will concede it's useful as a planning and management tool if its application does not prevent it from responding and adapting to things outside the original project/program frame. On a positive note, I think the use of RBM has evolved enough (at least within CIDA) that its application allows for an active and participatory engagement with process as well as product (a huge potential danger with so much emphasis on results). At the workshop I was tremendously impressed by CIDA staff members' articulations of their commitment to include diverse stakeholders at all phases of the project cycle and their willingness to grapple with how to move beyond stakeholder 'buy in' to a western (and imposed) model.

Alright, I think I've finally got RBM out of my system now! Thanks for staying with me.